Block Diagram of Photocopier – Working | New Topic

In this note, we are going to explain the Block Diagram of Photocopier Machine and Working of Photocopier. Welcome to Poly Notes Hub, a leading destination for engineering notes for diploma and degree engineering students.

Author Name: Arun Paul.

What is Photocopier or Xerox Machine?

A photocopier, often known as a copy machine or Xerox machine, is an electronic device that creates multiple copies of physical documents or images on paper. It usually employs a xerographic process that involves electrostatic charges, toner (powdered ink), heat, and pressure to transfer the image from the original document to a blank sheet of paper.

Photocopiers come in a variety of sizes and capacities, ranging from compact desktop devices for small enterprises to massive multifunction machines used in high-volume environments. Their speed, efficiency, and convenience of use have made them a must-have tool for everyday document management and communication.

Block Diagram of Photocopier and Its Working

Here is the photocopier block diagram and working of photocopier machine –

• Photocopied Document: This is the original physical document, which must be copied or studied. It is fed into the photocopy machine for scanning. This document’s content can consist of either text, graphics, or both.
• Scanned Document Image (1200 dpi): When the document is placed inside the machine, it is scanned using an optical scanner with a high resolution of 1200 dots per inch (dpi). This high-resolution scan ensures that even small features are faithfully preserved in digital picture format.
• Preprocessing – Binary Denoising: The scanned image frequently contains noise (unwanted pixels or distortions). Binary denoising is the initial phase of preprocessing, during which the system removes distortions to increase the clarity of the binary (black and white) document image. It sets up the image for future investigation.
• Preprocessing – Slant Correction: The characters in a scanned document may seem tilted or slanted. Slant correction realigns these characters in the proper upright orientation, allowing for more accurate feature extraction and character recognition.
• Preprocessing – Character Segmentation: Following slant correction, the document image is separated or segmented into individual letters, words, and lines. Character segmentation is necessary for optical character recognition (OCR) and subsequent analysis.
• Feature Extraction – Gray Level Features: During this stage, the system starts processing the image to extract useful information. Gray level characteristics analyze the intensity or brightness values of the characters in the document. These characteristics aid in the identification of various personalities or textures.
• Feature Extraction – GDM Features: GDM stands for Gray Difference Matrix. This technique retrieves information from scanned images based on the contrast or gray level changes between the pixels. It is useful for identifying patterns, edges, and structure in text.
• Feature Extraction – GLGCM Features: The acronym GLGCM stands for Gray Level Gray Co-occurrence Matrix. This method is used to determine how frequently distinct combinations of pixel brightness (gray levels) appear in specific spatial relationships. It facilitates texture analysis and character recognition.
• Fisher Classifier: Once the features have been retrieved, they are passed to the Fisher Classifier. This is a statistical machine learning algorithm that divides input image data into predetermined groups. It determines which class (e.g., character, form, or object) the image belongs to using the extracted features.
• Majority Voting: Following classification, majority voting is used. If there are numerous classifiers or judgments, this step guarantees that the most often suggested classification is used as the final outcome. This improves precision while reducing errors.
• Output Class: This is the final step in which the system generates classified output, such as recognizing which characters were on the document or categorizing the type of content. It may also indicate the final printed or copied result, depending on the application.

Applications of Photocopier Machine

Here we have listed some uses of photocopier or xerox machine –

• Used in educational institutes.
• Used in corporate, government, and private offices as well.
• Used in commercial xerox shops.
• Used in Libraries and Health Care sectors.
• Used in Banking and Financial Institutions.